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1 κάρδαμον
κάρδᾰμ-ον, τό,A nose-smart, Lepidium sativum, of which the seed was eaten like mustard, X.Cyr.1.2.8, POxy.1429.5, Ael.VH3.39: pl., Ar.Nu. 234;κάρδαμ' ἐσκευασμένα Eub.36
: metaph., βλέπειν κάρδαμα look sharp and stinging, Ar.V. 455: prov. of worthless things,ὅσῳ διαφέρει σῦκα καρδάμων Henioch.4.2
.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > κάρδαμον
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2 πεύκη
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `pine', esp. `Pinus Laricio' (Il.), metaph. `torch' (trag.).Derivatives: πευκ-ήεις, Dor. - άεις `made of pine, belonging to the torch, stinging, sharp' (trag. in lyr., D. P., Opp.); - ινος `made of pine' (S., E., Plb.); - ών, - ῶνος m. `forest of pines' (Hdn. Gr.); - ία f. `taste of pitch' (Tz.; prob. after πικρία, Scheller Oxytonierung 40). -- Besides πευκάλιμος adjunct of φρένες (Il.), also of πραπίδες, μήδεα (Orac. ap. D. L., inscr.); πευκεδανός adi. of πόλεμος (Κ 8), of βέλεμνα, ἀσπίς (Orph.), of θάλασσα (Opp.); with opposit. acc. πευκέδανον name of a bitter umbellifera, `sulphur weed' (Thphr.; Strömberg 147).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [828] *peuḱ- `sting'Etymology: Resembling names of the pine and the fir are found in Balt., Germ. and Celt.: OPr. peuse f. (IE *peuḱ-), Lith. pušìs (IE *puḱ-); uncertain on the stemformation Specht KZ 63, 96; after Skardzius IF 62, 162 old rootnoun; with t-enlargement OHG fiuhta, MIr. ochtach f. (IE *peuḱ-t- resp. *puḱ-tākā). If, as probable, to the 2. member in ἐχε-πευκής, περι-πευκής `stinging, sharp' (prop. *'provided with a sting, point'), πεύκη can be understood as a subst. adj. f. "the sharp, the stinging" from *πευκός `sharp, stinging' as λεύκη f. `white poplar' from λευκός; in Germ. OHG fiuhta `fine' as lioht `light'. Here also the islandname Πεύκη (in the Donau-delta; Skymn.; Mayer Glotta 24, 195) and the Illyr. PN Peucetii (Illyria, southern Italy; Krahe Die Spr. d. Illyr. 1, 112 f.) with formation like Gaul. Leucetius surn. of Mars, Lat.-Osc. Lūcetius surn. of Iupiter. -- ἐχε-πευκής may contain a noun *πεῦκος n. `stinging, point' (cf. s.v.); formation then like Av. raočah- n. `light' (IE * leukos). To this the adj. πευκάλιμος and πευκεδανός, for which a meaning `sharp, intrusive' resp. `sharp, stinging, bitter' must be posited; cf. e.g. εἰδάλιμος (: εἶδος) a.o. (Arbenz 28, Benveniste Origines 45 f.); λ-suffix also in πευκαλέον ξηρόν (as αὑαλέος a.o.), πευκαλεῖται ξηραίνεται H.; for πευκεδανός cf. ῥιγεδανός (: ῥῖγος) a.o. (Chantraine Form. 362 w. lit., Specht Ursprung 199 a. 345). -- WP. 2, 15, Pok. 828, Fraenkel s. pušìs w. further forms a. lit., Porzig Gliederung 118f.; older lit. also in Bq s. ἐχε-πευκές. On IIr. cognates s. Morgenstierne NTS 13(1942) 229 and Turner A comp. dict. of the Indo-Aryan languages (1966) No 8407 *pōśi. -- A byform with voiced velar in πυγμή (s. v.) a.o.Page in Frisk: 2,523-524Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πεύκη
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3 ἐχεπευκής
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: adjunct of βέλος (Α 51, Δ 129), of σμύρνα or ῥίζα (Nic. Th. 600 and 866), of ἀϋτμή (Orph. L. 475).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [828] *peuḱ- `sting'Etymology: Compoound (Schwyzer 441) of ἔχειν aund a noun like *πεῦκος, or a noun of another stem-class (Schwyzer 513; cf. also Chantraine Formation 426). Anyhow it has close relatives in πεύκη and in πευκεδανός and πευκάλιμος. The meaning `bitter' (Eust.), seen also in Nic., is clearly from `sharp, stinging'. Prop. meaning of ἐχε-πευκής so prob. `with a point'; for cognates outside Greek s. πεύκη. - Older interpretations in Bq; s. also Bechtel Lex. s. v. Wrong Sturtevant ClassPhil. 3, 435ff.Page in Frisk: 1,599Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἐχεπευκής
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4 σμερδαλέος
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `terrible, grisly, frightening, fearsome', of appearance, cry and shouting (ep. Il.).Etymology: With σμερδαλέος cf. λευγαλέος, ἀργαλέος a. o.; σμερδνός like δεινός a. o. The pair σμερδ-αλέος: σμερδ-νός shows a suffixal interchange l: n (as ἰσχαλέος: ἰσχνός a. o.; Benveniste Origines 45f.). An agreeing s-stem (as θαρσαλέος: θάρσος) is indeed found σμέρδ[ν]ος λῆμα, ῥώμη, δύναμις, ὅρμημα and εὑσμερδής εὔρωστος H.; on the meaning cf. δεινότης also `power, force, dexterity'. -- Since Ebel KZ 7, 227 (cf. also Curtius 692 f.) one onnects a primary Germ. verb, OHG smerzan, OE smeortan `hurt', to which with ablaut (PGm. * smart- \< IE * smord-) OE smeart `painful', NEng. smart `biting, stinging, sharp, witty, elegant'. For further combinations with Lat. mordeō `bite' etc. (IE *( s)merd- `rub (open)') s. W.-Hofmann s. v. with rich lit. -- Diff. Bolling Stud. in hon. of H. Collitz (Baltimore, 1930) 43ff.: to Lith. smirdė́ti `stink', Goth. smarnos acc. pl. f. ' σκύβαλα', Lat. merda f. `dirt, muck'. On the attempts to connect IE *( s)mer-d- `rub (open)' with * smerd- `stink', s. WP. 2, 279 a. 691, Pok. 736f. a. 970, W.-Hofmann s. merda and mordeō; everywhere with further forms and lit. -- Cf. σμορδοῦν.Page in Frisk: 2,748-749Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σμερδαλέος
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5 ὀξύς
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `sharp, stinging', of taste `sour, tartish', of the voice `clear, loud', of inner and outer movement `fierce, acute, rapid' (Il.).Compounds: Very often as 1. member, also with prefix, e.g. ἄπ-οξυς `pointed' (Hp., Dsc., Gal.), backformation from ἀπ-οξύνω, s. Strömberg Prefix Studies 41 f.Derivatives: From it ὄξος n. `wine vinegar' (s. v.); ὀξύτης, - ητος f. `sharpness, sourness, acuteness', gramm. `high-tonedness' (IA.); ὀξύς, - ύδος f. `dock, Rumex' (Plin., Gal.; cf. ἐμύς, κροκύς and Chantraine Form. 347 f.). Denomin. verb ὀξύνω, also w. prefix, esp. παρ-, `to sharpen, to whet, to sour, to heat' (IA.) with ὄξυντρα n. pl. `payment for a sharpener' (hell. inscr.), ὀξύσματα n. pl. `whetting, sharpening' (Delos IIIa), παροξυσμός m. `irritation, embitterment' (Hp., D.), - ντικός `enlivening, irritating, embittering' (IA.), - νταί pl. H. ( ὀξύντης Hdn. 1, 77, 25; cf. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 205).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: Without exact non-Greek agreement. One compares ὄκρις (s. v.), beside which with much more usual α-vowel ἄκρος etc.; in ὀξ-ύς one assumes the reduced grade oḱs- of the s-stem assumed in ἀκοστή (s. v.), ἀμφ-ήκης (uncertain, s. ἠκή) a.o. WP. 1, 31, Pok. 21, W.-Hofmann s. 2. ācer, 1. acus. Cf. ὀξίνα. - The etymology is quite unconvincing and must be rejected. Is the word Pre-Greek? - To be rejected Haas Ling. Posn. 3, 78 (s. on ξαίνω).Page in Frisk: 2,401Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ὀξύς
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6 δάκνω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `bite', also `sting' (of insects), `wound' (Il.)Other forms: Aor. δακεῖν (Il.), δῆξαι (Luc.); fut. δάξομαι (Hp.), δήξομαι (E.); perf. δέδηγμαι (Ar.), δεδαγμένος (Pi.), δέδηχα (Babr.), δέδακα (AP); aor. pass. δηχθῆναι (S.), δακῆναι (Aret.); vb. adj. ἄ-δηκτος (Hes., Hp.)Derivatives: δάκος n. `bite, stitch', often `biting animal' (Pi.) = δακετόν (Ar., cf. ἑρπετόν), δαγμός `bite, stitch' (Ruf.), δάγμα `id.' (Nic.), δάκια τὰ ἄγρια ὀρνιθάρια H.; - δάξ = ὀδάξ (Opp.) with δαξ-ασμός (Ti. Lokr.; after μαρασμός etc., s. Chantr. Form. 141f.). δῆγμα `bite, stitch' (A.), δηγμός `id.' (Hp.), δῆξις `id.' (Hp.); δήκτης `biter, biting' (E.) with δηκτήριος `id.' (E.) and δηκτικός (Arist.); δήξ, δηκός `worm in wood' (Tz.) after σφήξ. δακνώδης `biting, stinging' (Hp.), δακνηρός `id.' (Phld. cf. ὀδυνηρός), δακνίς ὀρνέου εἶδος H., δακνᾶς `biter' (Phryn.). - Express. δακνάζω (A.), δαγκάνω (Hdn.).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [201] *denḱ- `bite'Etymology: The aorist δακεῖν agrees with Skt. present dáśati `bites'; perf. dadáṃśa (= Gr. *δέδογκα) and nouns like dáṃśa- `bite' show a root denḱ-. So δηκ- in δήξομαι etc.is a secondary grade to δακεῖν after λήψομαι: λαβεῖν. - Germanic has nouns, like OHG zangar `biting, sharp', ONo. tǫng `tongs'; here also Alb. danë `tongs'?Page in Frisk: 1,343-344Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > δάκνω
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